Flat lighting is a photographic lighting style that produces minimal contrast or modeling on the subject, resulting in very soft shadows and even illumination. This type of lighting reduces depth and texture, creating a smooth, uniform look across the entire subject.
Flat lighting is commonly used in portrait, fashion, and product photography where the goal is to minimise harsh shadows and present the subject clearly. It can be achieved using large, diffused light sources, reflectors, or ring lights. While it may reduce dramatic effects, flat lighting is ideal for creating clean, flattering, and easily reproducible images, making it a popular choice in studio photography.